Comprehensive Automotive Oil Guide

Understanding engine oil specifications is essential for keeping your vehicle running smoothly, efficiently, and within warranty. This article breaks down the most important oil spec categories you’ll encounter—from global industry standards to OEM-specific requirements—helping you answer common questions like what oil does my car take and what kind of oil does my car take.

We'll start by covering international standards such as API (American Petroleum Institute), ILSAC (International Lubricants Standardization and Approval Committee), and SAE oil meaning, including oil weight explained—like what 5W-30 or 0W-20 really means for your engine. You'll also learn about low-SAPS and fuel-saving formulations that modern engines require.

Equally important are OE (Original Equipment) oil specifications—those created by automakers like BMW, Mercedes-Benz, GM (dexos), Porsche, VW, Ford, and Volvo. These specs go beyond industry basics, fine-tuning oil chemistry to match each engine's design and performance demands. Choosing an oil that meets these OE standards is key to protecting your engine and staying warranty-compliant.

Also featured are top U.S. engine oil brands trusted by DIYers and pros alike—like Mobil 1, Castrol, Pennzoil, Valvoline, Royal Purple, Liqui Moly, Motul and Amsoil—many of which offer oils that meet both global and OE certifications.

Keep reading for a breakdown of each oil specification sector and the guidance you need to make confident, informed choices every time you change your motor oil.

SAE Oil Classification and Viscosity Explained

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed a classification system called SAE J300, which standardizes engine oil viscosity grades. Viscosity refers to the oil’s resistance to flow, and it is one of the most crucial factors in engine lubrication. The SAE classification includes both monograde and multigrade oils, which are explained below.

SAE Monograde Oils

Monograde oils have a single viscosity rating and are generally used in older engines or specific operating conditions (e.g., warm or cold climates where temperatures remain stable).

These oils are labeled simply by their viscosity number:

SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W → Winter-grade oils, where "W" means "Winter." These oils are designed to flow well at low temperatures.
SAE 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 → Higher-temperature viscosity grades that provide stable protection in warm climates.

Monograde oils are rarely used today, as multigrade oils have largely replaced them due to their ability to perform well in a range of temperatures.

SAE Multigrade Oils

Multigrade oils are formulated to provide stable viscosity performance across a range of temperatures. They are designated with two numbers, such as SAE 5W-30, which means:

First Number (e.g., 5W):
- The "W" stands for "Winter" and refers to the oil’s viscosity at cold temperatures.
- Lower numbers mean better cold flow performance (e.g., 0W is thinner and flows easier than 10W in cold conditions).
- Ensures better startup protection and prevents excessive engine wear.
Second Number (e.g., 30):
- Refers to the oil’s viscosity at operating temperature (100°C/212°F).
- Higher numbers indicate thicker oil at high temperatures, which provides better protection under extreme heat and stress.

How Viscosity Works in Multigrade Oils

SAE 0W-20: Ultra-thin, ideal for cold climates, excellent fuel efficiency.
SAE 5W-30: Common for modern gasoline engines, balances cold start performance and high-temperature protection.
SAE 10W-40: Thicker at high temperatures, suitable for older engines and high-mileage vehicles.
SAE 15W-50: Used in performance or racing engines requiring high heat resistance.

Full List of SAE Oil Viscosity Grades

The following table shows all official SAE viscosity grades, including their performance at low temperatures (cold cranking) and high temperatures (operating conditions).

SAE Grade	Cold-Temperature Cranking (Viscosity @ -30°C to -10°C)	High-Temperature Performance (Viscosity @ 100°C / 212°F)
0W	Flows at -35°C (-31°F)	Equivalent to 20, 30, or 40-weight oil at high temp
5W	Flows at -30°C (-22°F)	Same as above
10W	Flows at -25°C (-13°F)	Same as above
15W	Flows at -20°C (-4°F)	Same as above
20W	Flows at -15°C (5°F)	Same as above
25W	Flows at -10°C (14°F)	Same as above
20	Not rated for winter use	Low viscosity at 100°C
30	Not rated for winter use	Moderate viscosity at 100°C
40	Not rated for winter use	Higher viscosity at 100°C
50	Not rated for winter use	Thick oil at 100°C
60	Not rated for winter use	Extremely thick oil at 100°C

Choosing the Right SAE Oil for Your Engine

Colder Climates: 0W-20 or 5W-30 for easy startups and reduced engine wear.
Warmer Climates: 10W-30 or 10W-40 to prevent oil thinning at high temperatures.
High-Performance Engines: 15W-50 or 20W-50 for racing, high loads, and extreme conditions.
Older or High-Mileage Engines: 10W-40 or 20W-50 for added protection against leaks and oil consumption.

Why SAE Viscosity Matters

Cold Weather Protection: Oils with lower W ratings flow better in freezing temperatures, ensuring smoother startups.
Engine Wear Reduction: Proper viscosity prevents excessive wear, reducing friction and heat buildup.
Fuel Economy: Lower viscosity oils (e.g., 0W-20) improve efficiency by reducing drag on moving parts.
Performance Under Load: Higher viscosity oils (e.g., 10W-50) provide superior film strength for racing or towing.

ACEA Engine Oil Specifications & Their Applications

The Association des Constructeurs Européens de l'Automobile (ACEA) defines the premium engine oil standards trusted by Europe's top automakers. These specifications ensure your engine delivers peak performance, maximum fuel efficiency, and superior emissions control, especially crucial for advanced technologies like direct injection, turbocharging, and complex exhaust treatment systems.

ACEA Oil Categories at a Glance

ACEA categorizes engine oils into three specialized groups:

A/B Series – For gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles
C Series – Low-emission oils tailored for modern aftertreatment systems
E Series – Robust formulations designed for heavy-duty commercial vehicles

ACEA A/B Series – Performance & Efficiency for Cars & SUVs

These oils are engineered specifically for gasoline (A) and diesel (B) engines in passenger cars, SUVs, and light commercial vehicles:

Key Applications:

A3/B3 & A3/B4: Ideal for high-performance engines, providing exceptional wear protection and extended drain intervals.
A5/B5: Perfect for fuel-efficient engines, maximizing economy with advanced low-friction properties.

Specification	Application & Features
ACEA A1/B1 (Deprecated)	Low-viscosity oils with fuel-saving properties. Phased out due to newer standards.
ACEA A3/B3	High-performance, high-viscosity stability oils for extended drain intervals. Common in high-performance European engines.
ACEA A3/B4	Similar to A3/B3 but suitable for direct-injection diesel engines, requiring high piston cleanliness and oxidation stability.
ACEA A5/B5	Fuel-efficient oils (low HTHS) for modern, low-friction engines. Provides reduced wear and longer oil drain intervals.

ACEA C Series – Emission-Friendly Oils for Modern Engines

ACEA C oils feature "Low SAPS" formulations (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorus, Sulfur) specifically crafted to protect your vehicle’s emission control technologies such as Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs), catalytic converters, and SCR systems.

Key Applications:

C1, C2, C5, C6: Optimized for outstanding fuel economy and emissions reduction in modern vehicles equipped with aftertreatment systems.
C3, C4: Superior high-temperature performance, ideal for high-output diesel engines requiring robust protection and durability.

Specification	Application & Features
ACEA C1	Ultra-low SAPS, low-viscosity, fuel-efficient oil for vehicles requiring reduced emissions. Used in some Mazda, Ford, and Jaguar Land Rover engines.
ACEA C2	Low SAPS, fuel-saving oil with mid-level HTHS viscosity. Compatible with engines using DPFs & catalytic converters. Common in Peugeot, Citroën, and Toyota.
ACEA C3	Mid-SAPS, higher HTHS viscosity oil for engines requiring better protection at high temperatures. Used in BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and VW Group vehicles.
ACEA C4	Ultra-low SAPS, specialized oil for Renault and Mercedes-Benz diesel engines with DPFs and SCR systems.
ACEA C5	Fuel-saving oil with ultra-low viscosity (0W-20) for modern engines, designed for improved efficiency & reduced emissions.
ACEA C6 (Latest)	Similar to C5 but with better LSPI protection, improved wear control, and turbocharger protection. Common in turbocharged direct injection gasoline (TGDI) engines.

ACEA E Series – Heavy-Duty Protection for Trucks & Buses

Designed for the extreme demands of heavy-duty diesel engines, ACEA E oils offer unmatched durability, protection, and extended service intervals for commercial fleets and heavy machinery.

Key Applications:

E4 & E8: Recommended for long-haul trucks and fleet vehicles needing extended oil drain capabilities.
E6, E9 & E11: Essential for modern Euro 6 engines equipped with sophisticated emission control technologies (DPF, SCR, EGR), offering maximum efficiency and compliance.

Specification	Application & Features
ACEA E4	High-performance, long-drain interval oil for engines without DPFs. Excellent oxidation stability for extreme conditions.
ACEA E6	Low-SAPS, long-drain oil for Euro 6 & modern diesel engines with DPFs, EGR, and SCR systems.
ACEA E7	High-performance oil for heavy-duty engines with high detergent and dispersant properties. Used in trucks and construction equipment.
ACEA E8 (Latest)	Replaces E4, offers improved oxidation resistance, piston cleanliness, and wear protection.
ACEA E9	Mid-SAPS oil, suitable for engines with DPFs. Provides wear control & fuel economy for modern Euro 6 diesel engines.
ACEA E11 (Latest)	Replaces E6 & E9, offering extended durability & fuel efficiency for new-generation heavy-duty engines.

Understanding API – America's Trusted Engine Oil Standard

The American Petroleum Institute (API) classifies engine oils based on performance, compatibility with advanced engine technologies, and protection against wear, oxidation, and deposits. API standards ensure your gasoline and diesel engines operate efficiently and comply with strict emissions regulations.

API Oil Categories Simplified

API oil classifications are divided into two main categories:

S Series (Service) – For gasoline engines
C Series (Commercial) – For diesel engines

API S Series – Excellence for Gasoline Engines

Formulated specifically for passenger cars, SUVs, and light-duty gasoline trucks:

Key Applications:

SJ, SL: Ideal for older gasoline engines (pre-2004 vehicles).
SM, SN: Commonly used in modern gasoline vehicles.
SN Plus, SP: Recommended for turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engines, crucial for preventing Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI).

API Specification	Year Introduced	Key Features & Applications
API SA	1930s	Obsolete. No additives. Do NOT use in modern engines.
API SB	1940s	Obsolete. Low oxidation protection.
API SC	1964	Obsolete. Improved deposit control for 1964–1967 engines.
API SD	1968	Obsolete. Better oxidation & wear protection.
API SE	1972	Obsolete. Used in engines from 1972–1979.
API SF	1980	Obsolete. Improved sludge & wear control.
API SG	1989	Obsolete. First oils with modern detergent additives.
API SH	1993	Obsolete. Higher temperature stability.
API SJ	1996	Somewhat outdated, but still in use. Reduces deposit buildup.
API SL	2001	Improved high-temperature stability. Common in older cars.
API SM	2004	Enhanced wear protection, oxidation resistance, and fuel economy.
API SN	2010	Modern gasoline oil, suitable for turbocharged engines.
API SN Plus	2018	Introduced LSPI protection for turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engines.
API SP	2020	Latest spec. LSPI protection, better wear resistance & fuel economy.

API C Series – Reliability for Diesel Engines

Designed for heavy-duty diesel engines in trucks, buses, heavy machinery, and industrial equipment:

Key Applications:

CI-4, CJ-4: Best for older commercial diesel engines.
CK-4: Optimal for modern heavy-duty diesel engines, providing durability and compliance.
FA-4: Latest, most fuel-efficient option, designed exclusively for specific modern diesel engines.

API Specification	Year Introduced	Key Features & Applications
API CA	1940s	Obsolete. No detergents, minimal protection.
API CB	1950s	Obsolete. Early oils for diesel engines.
API CC	1960s	Obsolete. For early turbocharged diesel engines.
API CD	1955	Obsolete. First oils for high-speed diesel engines.
API CE	1985	Obsolete. Designed for turbocharged diesel engines.
API CF	1990	Obsolete. Indirect-injection diesel engines.
API CF-2	1994	Obsolete. Two-stroke diesel engine oils.
API CF-4	1990	Obsolete. Early heavy-duty diesel engine oil.
API CG-4	1995	Obsolete. For high-speed four-stroke engines.
API CH-4	1998	Obsolete. Diesel engines meeting 1998 emissions standards.
API CI-4	2002	Improved oxidation control and soot handling for EGR engines.
API CJ-4	2006	First oil for ULSD engines with DPFs.
API CK-4	2016	Current heavy-duty oil spec. Reduces wear, improves fuel economy, extends drain intervals.
API FA-4	2016	Fuel-efficient alternative to CK-4. Not backward compatible.

Dual-Rated API Oils – Versatility Defined

Some oils are dual-rated, meeting both gasoline (S) and diesel (C) standards:

When to Use Dual-Rated Oils:

Fleet vehicles (mixed gasoline and diesel engines)
Light-duty diesel trucks
Older diesel engines needing enhanced detergency (farm equipment)

API Specification by Vehicle Type

Vehicle Type	Best API Oil Spec
Older gasoline cars (pre-2004)	API SJ, SL
Modern gasoline cars	API SM, SN
Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (TGDI) Engines	API SN Plus, API SP
Heavy-duty diesel trucks	API CK-4
Diesel trucks with DPFs	API CJ-4, CK-4
Fuel-efficient diesel engines	API FA-4

Why API Specifications Matter

Engine Protection: Reduces wear, prevents sludge, ensures engine longevity.
Compatibility & Compliance: Meets emissions regulations, protecting turbocharged engines.
Fuel Economy: Engineered for reduced friction, enhancing fuel efficiency.
LSPI Prevention: API SN Plus & SP oils minimize Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in turbocharged gasoline engines.

ILSAC Engine Oil Specifications & Their Applications

The International Lubricants Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) is a collaboration between U.S. and Japanese automakers (AAMA & JAMA) designed to set stringent fuel economy, emission, and engine protection standards for gasoline vehicles globally.

ILSAC Specifications Overview

ILSAC Specification	Year Introduced	Key Features & Applications
ILSAC GF-1	1996	First ILSAC standard. Based on API SH. Obsolete.
ILSAC GF-2	1997	Improved fuel economy, deposit control. Based on API SJ. Obsolete.
ILSAC GF-3	2001	Introduced better oxidation resistance and wear protection. Based on API SL. Obsolete.
ILSAC GF-4	2004	Reduced phosphorus content for longer catalytic converter life. Based on API SM. Mostly obsolete.
ILSAC GF-5	2010	Improved fuel economy, sludge control, and turbocharger protection. Based on API SN. Still in use.
ILSAC GF-6A	2020	Designed for modern gasoline engines, turbocharged direct injection (TGDI) engines, and LSPI protection. Backward compatible. Based on API SP.
ILSAC GF-6B	2020	Similar to GF-6A but for low-viscosity (0W-16) oils for better fuel efficiency. Not backward compatible.

Choosing the Right ILSAC Oil for Your Vehicle

Vehicle Type	Recommended ILSAC Spec
Older gasoline vehicles (pre-2004)	GF-3, GF-4 (obsolete, use GF-5 or higher)
Standard gasoline vehicles (2005-2020)	GF-5 or GF-6A
Modern turbocharged or direct injection engines (TGDI)	GF-6A (LSPI protection)
Hybrid & fuel-efficient vehicles (low viscosity 0W-16)	GF-6B

Why ILSAC Specifications Matter

Engine Protection: Prevents sludge, oxidation, and LSPI in modern engines.
Fuel Economy: Lower viscosity, friction modifiers improve MPG.
Emission System Longevity: Reduced phosphorus extends catalytic converter life.
E85 Compatibility: Supports ethanol-blended fuels (GF-5 and newer).

OEM Engine Oil Specifications & Their Applications

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) often develop proprietary engine oil specifications to ensure optimal performance, protection, and longevity of their specific engine designs. These standards may build upon or exceed existing industry specifications such as those from the API, ACEA, or ILSAC. Adherence to the correct OEM oil specification is crucial for maintaining warranty coverage and ensuring engine reliability.

General Motors (GM) OEM Oil Specifications for Passenger Cars (1980–Present)

General Motors (GM) has developed various OEM oil specifications over the years to optimize engine performance, protect against wear, and improve fuel efficiency. This guide covers GM’s oil standards for gasoline and diesel passenger cars, including North American and European specifications, from 1980 to the present day.

GM dexos™ Oil Specifications (2011–Present)

GM dexos oils meet the demands of modern gasoline and diesel engines, including turbocharged and direct-injected models.

Specification	Years	Viscosity Grades	Applications & Features
dexos1 Gen 1	2011–2017	0W-20, 5W-20, 5W-30	First global GM standard; improved oxidation, deposit control (no LSPI protection).
dexos1 Gen 2	2017–2021	0W-20, 5W-30	Adds LSPI protection for turbocharged gasoline engines; improved cleanliness.
dexos1 Gen 3	2021–Present	0W-20, 5W-20, 5W-30	Enhanced LSPI protection, turbocharger deposit prevention; backward compatible.
dexos2	2010–Present	5W-30, 0W-40	Low-SAPS oil for European GM diesel engines and select gasoline engines.
dexosD	2019–Present	0W-20, 5W-30	For Euro 6+ diesel engines; improved fuel economy and wear protection.
dexosR	2022–Present	0W-40, 5W-50	High-performance oil for Corvette, Cadillac V-Series; superior wear protection under extreme conditions.

Quick Reference for GM dexos™ Oils

dexos1 (Gen 1 & 2): All GM gasoline vehicles (2011–2021), especially turbocharged models.
dexos1 Gen 3: Current GM gasoline models (2021+).
dexos2: European diesel vehicles, select gasoline engines with emission systems.
dexosD: Modern diesel vehicles (2019+).
dexosR: High-performance GM vehicles (e.g., Corvette C8, Camaro ZL1, Cadillac Blackwing).

GM-LL (Long Life) Specifications (2002–2010, Europe Only)

Before dexos, GM used GM-LL specifications for European cars:

Specification	Engine Type	Viscosity Grades	Key Features & Applications
GM-LL-A-025	Gasoline	0W-30, 5W-30	Extended oil change intervals up to 30,000 km/2 years.
GM-LL-B-025	Diesel	0W-30, 5W-30	Extended intervals (30,000–50,000 km), pre-DPF models.

Importance of Using GM-Approved Oil

Optimal Performance: Maximizes efficiency and engine responsiveness.
Warranty Compliance: Ensures your warranty remains valid.
Longevity: Extends engine life through enhanced protection and cleanliness.

Always consult your vehicle’s owner manual to confirm the correct oil specification.

Ford OEM Oil Specifications: Ultimate Engine Protection

Ford Motor Company's WSS-M2C oil specifications define premium standards to ensure peak engine performance, enhanced protection, and exceptional reliability across diverse operating conditions. These tailored oils match Ford’s rigorous requirements, optimizing vehicle longevity and fuel efficiency.

Ford WSS-M2C Oil Specifications Explained

WSS-M2C913-D (2012) – Advanced Diesel Protection (SAE 5W-30) designed for all Ford diesels except pre-2009 Ford Ka TDCi and 2000–2006 Ford Galaxy 1.9 TDi. Offers superior fuel economy, biodiesel compatibility, and extended oil intervals.

WSS-M2C917-A – Specialized Diesel Protection (SAE 5W-40) for diesel engines with pump injectors, ensuring targeted protection for demanding diesel technology.

WSS-M2C934-A – Clean Diesel Performance (SAE 5W-30) featuring a Low SAPS formula crucial for engines equipped with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs). Meets stringent ACEA C1 standards.

WSS-M2C945-A/B1 – Standard Gasoline Engine Oil (SAE 5W-20), providing reliable everyday performance for various gasoline-powered Ford vehicles.

WSS-M2C946-A/B1 – Enhanced Gasoline Performance (SAE 5W-30) specifically formulated to deliver improved wear protection and heightened engine responsiveness.

WSS-M2C947-A/B1 – Cold Climate Specialist (SAE 0W-20) ideal for gasoline engines operating in harsh winter conditions. Delivers excellent cold-start capabilities and fuel efficiency.

WSS-M2C960-A1 – Modern Gasoline Performance (SAE 5W-20), fully compliant with ILSAC GF-6 standards, delivering advanced wear protection and boosted fuel economy.

WSS-M2C961-A1 – Premium Gasoline Engine Oil (SAE 5W-30), meeting ILSAC GF-6 standards, enhancing both performance and durability for modern gasoline engines.

WSS-M2C962-A1 – Ultra Fuel-Efficient Oil (SAE 0W-20), optimized for maximum fuel economy and robust wear protection, tailored to meet rigorous ILSAC GF-6 requirements.

WSS-M2C963-A1 – Extreme Cold Climate Oil (SAE 0W-30) designed for modern gasoline engines requiring superior cold-start lubrication, exceptional flow characteristics at extremely low temperatures, and sustained protection according to ILSAC GF-6 standards.

Specification	Viscosity Grade	Application	Key Features
WSS-M2C913-D	SAE 5W-30	Diesel engines (post-2012)	Improved fuel economy, robust performance with biodiesel fuels.
WSS-M2C917-A	SAE 5W-40	Diesel engines with pump injectors	Enhanced protection for specific diesel engines.
WSS-M2C934-A	SAE 5W-30	Diesel engines with DPFs	Low SAPS formulation to protect emission systems.
WSS-M2C945-A/B1	SAE 5W-20	Gasoline engines	Standard oil for various gasoline engines.
WSS-M2C946-A/B1	SAE 5W-30	Gasoline engines	Enhanced performance for certain gasoline engines.
WSS-M2C947-A/B1	SAE 0W-20	Gasoline engines	Suitable for cold climates, improved fuel efficiency.
WSS-M2C960-A1	SAE 5W-20	Gasoline engines	Meets ILSAC GF-6 standards, improved wear protection.
WSS-M2C961-A1	SAE 5W-30	Gasoline engines	Meets ILSAC GF-6 standards, enhanced performance.
WSS-M2C962-A1	SAE 0W-20	Gasoline engines	Meets ILSAC GF-6 standards, optimized for fuel economy.
WSS-M2C963-A1	SAE 0W-30	Gasoline engines	Meets ILSAC GF-6 standards, suitable for extreme cold.

Why Ford's WSS-M2C Specifications Matter

Using Ford-approved WSS-M2C oils ensures optimal engine operation, efficiency, and warranty compliance. Each specification uniquely addresses engine type, environmental conditions, and performance demands, reinforcing Ford’s commitment to engine excellence.

Always consult your Ford owner's manual for the precise oil recommendation to maximize performance and engine longevity.

BMW OEM Oil Specifications: Optimized Performance & Protection

BMW has meticulously developed specialized engine oil specifications tailored exclusively to its passenger car engines, enhancing performance, fuel efficiency, emissions compliance, and longevity from 1980 to the present.

BMW Special Oils (1980–1997)

BMW's early mineral and semi-synthetic oils (10W-40, 15W-40, 20W-50) provided basic protection and reliability for gasoline engines (M10, M20, M30, M40, M42, early M50, M60) in classic models such as E21, E28, E30, E32, E34, and early E36, using fixed service intervals (~7,500 km).

BMW Longlife-98 (1998–2001)

The introduction of BMW LL-98 synthetic oils (5W-30, 5W-40) extended service intervals to approximately 15,000 km. Suitable for engines like M43, M44, M52, early M54, and diesel M57 in vehicles including late E36, E39, E38, and early E46. LL-98 provided better fuel economy and oxidation resistance, later replaced by LL-01.

BMW Longlife-01 (2001–Present)

BMW LL-01 fully synthetic oils (0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40) ensure superior engine protection, high-temperature stability, and extended intervals (~25,000 km). Applicable to a wide range of engines (M54, N-series, S-series, early M57 diesel) across numerous models from E46 to E90 and F30 generations, offering robust performance for both naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines.

BMW Longlife-01 FE (2016–Present)

The fuel-efficient LL-01 FE (0W-30) specifically supports newer gasoline engines (N13, N20, B-series) in models such as F20, F30, and G20. Its lower viscosity boosts fuel economy and cold-start performance but is not backward compatible with older LL-01 requirements.

BMW Longlife-04 (2004–Present)

Designed for diesel engines with particulate filters (DPFs) and select gasoline engines in Europe, LL-04 oils (0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, low SAPS) protect emission systems and comply with stringent Euro 4 to Euro 6 standards. Recommended for diesel (N47, N57, B-series) and select gasoline engines (N13, N20, N55, B-series) in vehicles like E90, F30, X3, and X5.

BMW Longlife-12 FE (2012–Present)

BMW LL-12 FE oils (0W-30) target specific fuel-saving diesel engines (N47, B47, B37) in selected EfficientDynamics models, like F20 116d and F30 316d/318d, prioritizing lower viscosity for fuel economy. LL-12 FE is not backward compatible with LL-04.

BMW Longlife-14+ (2014–Present)

Ultra-low viscosity LL-14+ oils (0W-20) cater exclusively to modern gasoline engines (B38, B48, B58) requiring maximum fuel efficiency, found in recent models such as F48 X1, G20 3 Series, and G30 5 Series. LL-14+ oils must only be used where explicitly specified.

BMW Longlife-17 FE+ (2017–Present)

The cutting-edge LL-17 FE+ (0W-20) specification addresses the strictest fuel economy and emissions standards for BMW's newest gasoline (B38, B46, B48, B58) and select diesel engines. Featured in the latest models including G01 X3, G20 3 Series, G30 5 Series, and G05 X5, this specification is strictly forward-looking and not backward compatible.

BMW Longlife-22 FE++ (2022–Present)

BMW LL-22 FE++ (SAE 0W-12) specification meets the advanced demands of the latest BMW gasoline engines equipped with 48V mild-hybrid technology. Designed exclusively for engines from model year 2023 onwards, it significantly enhances fuel efficiency, reduces emissions, and ensures optimal lubrication and protection. LL-22 FE++ oils are not backward compatible and must only be used in vehicles explicitly requiring this ultra-low viscosity specification.

Spec	Years Active	Viscosity Grades	Engine Families	Example Models
Special Oils	1980–1997	10W-40, 15W-40, 20W-50	M10, M20, M30, M40, M42, early M50/M60	E21, E30, E34
LL-98	1998–2001	5W-30, 5W-40	M43, M44, M52, early M54, M57	E36/E46, E39
LL-01	2001–Present	0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40	M54, N52, N54, N55, S54, M57	E46, E90, F10
LL-01 FE	2016–Present	0W-30	N13, N20, B38, B46/B48, B58	F30, G20, G30
LL-04	2004–Present	0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30	N47, N57, B37, B47, B57 diesels; N13, N20 gasoline (EU)	E90, F30, F10
LL-12 FE	2012–Present	0W-30	N47, B37, B47 (selected models)	116d, 318d
LL-14+	2014–Present	0W-20	B38, B48, B58 gasoline (newest gen.)	X1, X2, G20, G30
LL-17 FE+	2017–Present	0W-20	B38, B46, B48, B58 (newest gen.)	G20, G30, X3 G01
LL-22	2022–Present	0W-16	Latest Gen Mild Hybrid & Plug-in Hybrid BMW Engines	G60 5 Series, G70 7 Series, i4 Hybrid Variants

Importance of Using BMW OEM Specifications

BMW OEM oil specifications assure optimal engine protection, enhanced fuel economy, emissions compliance, warranty adherence, and high-performance reliability. Always follow BMW’s recommended oil specification outlined in your owner’s manual to ensure maximum engine efficiency, longevity, and compliance.

Porsche OEM Oil Specifications: Precision for Performance

Porsche's OEM oil standards are engineered to meet the extreme demands of its high-revving, high-performance engines. Whether air-cooled classics or cutting-edge turbocharged models, Porsche-approved oils ensure peak reliability, longevity, and compliance with modern emissions regulations.

Porsche A40 – High-Performance Standard Oil

Viscosity: 0W-40, 5W-40, occasionally 5W-50
Applications: Most Porsche gasoline engines from 1997 onward, excluding GPF-equipped models. Used in 911 Carrera, Boxster, Cayman, Cayenne, and Panamera.
Key Features: Delivers high shear and thermal stability, critical for turbocharged and high-rpm engines. Designed for standard drain intervals.

Porsche C20 – Ultra-Fuel-Efficient Low SAPS Oil

Viscosity: 0W-20
Applications: Select 2018+ Macan, Cayenne, and Panamera gasoline engines prioritizing fuel efficiency.
Key Features: Ultra-low viscosity to enhance fuel economy and meet emission regulations. Tailored for newer engine designs with tighter tolerances.

Porsche C30 – Low SAPS Diesel Engine Oil

Viscosity: 0W-30, 5W-30
Applications: Porsche diesel engines with DPFs, such as Cayenne Diesel and Panamera Diesel.
Key Features: Low SAPS formula protects aftertreatment systems and delivers strong wear and oxidation resistance under turbocharged diesel conditions.

Porsche C40 – Low SAPS Oil for Gasoline Engines with GPF

Viscosity: 0W-40
Applications: Modern turbocharged gasoline engines equipped with GPFs.
Key Features: Combines low SAPS chemistry with thermal durability, ensuring protection and emissions compliance in high-output engines.

Porsche Classic Oil – Heritage-Grade Protection

Viscosity: 20W-50, 10W-60
Applications: Air-cooled engines in vintage 911s, 356, 914, and motorsport models.
Key Features: High ZDDP content protects flat-tappet cams and classic valvetrains. Designed to seal properly and resist corrosion in older engines with larger tolerances.

Specification	Viscosity Grades	Application & Vehicle Types	Key Features
Porsche A40	0W-40, 5W-40, 5W-50	Gasoline engines (standard drain intervals)	Standard high-performance gasoline spec for most Porsche models since the late 1990s.
Porsche C20	0W-20	Gasoline engines (2018+)	Optimized for fuel economy, mainly in newer models like Macan and Cayenne (post-2018).
Porsche C30	0W-30, 5W-30	Diesel engines with particulate filters (DPF)	Low SAPS oil to protect emission systems in Porsche diesel models (Cayenne Diesel, Panamera Diesel).
Porsche C40	0W-40	Gasoline engines requiring low SAPS	Low SAPS oil for modern turbocharged gasoline engines equipped with Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs).
Porsche Classic	10W-60, 20W-50	Classic Porsche vehicles (air-cooled engines)	Specialized formulation for classic Porsche engines (air-cooled 911, 356, etc.).

Why Porsche Oil Specs Matter

Every Porsche engine is precision-built. These oil specifications provide:

Tailored protection for unique engine architectures
Compatibility with modern emissions controls (DPF/GPF)
Warranty compliance through factory-approved formulations
Support for extended service intervals without compromising performance

Mercedes-Benz OEM Oil Specifications & Engine Family Applications

Mercedes-Benz has established a robust suite of MB 229.x oil standards to meet the specific needs of its gasoline, diesel, hybrid, and high-performance powertrains. These oils deliver precision-engineered performance, from classic models to cutting-edge AMG and emissions-compliant engines.

MB 229.1 – Entry-Level Spec for Older Engines

Viscosity: 5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-40
Applies to M111, M112, M113 (gasoline) and OM60x series diesels pre-1998.
Basic protection and standard drain intervals. Now largely outdated.

MB 229.3 – High-Performance for Non-DPF Engines

Viscosity: 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40
For M112, M113, M272 (gasoline) and OM611–OM648 diesels (1998–2006).
Supports longer service intervals, higher thermal stability, and wear protection for non-DPF engines.

MB 229.31 – Low SAPS for Early DPF Diesels

Viscosity: 5W-30, 5W-40
Targeted at OM642, OM651 engines with first-gen Diesel Particulate Filters.
Low SAPS formula ensures DPF longevity and EURO 4/5 compliance.

MB 229.5 – Long-Life Oil for High-Performance Engines

Viscosity: 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40
Used in M156, M276, M278 (AMG, high-output gasoline), OM613 diesels.
Extended oil change intervals and superior oxidation resistance. Not DPF-compatible.

MB 229.51 – Emission-Ready Low SAPS Oil

Viscosity: 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40
Fits OM642, OM651, OM656 (diesel) and M276 (gasoline with GPF).
Supports long drain intervals and protects DPF/SCR/GPF systems under EURO 5/6 standards.

MB 229.52 – Next-Generation Emissions Protection

Viscosity: 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30
Formulated for OM654, OM656 diesels and M264, M256 gasoline engines.
Maximizes emissions performance and efficiency with enhanced wear resistance.

MB 229.6 – Ultra-Low Viscosity for New Gasoline Engines

Viscosity: 0W-20
Targets M256, M176, M254 (gasoline/hybrid engines post-2020).
Improves fuel economy and reduces internal friction.

MB 229.61 – Low SAPS 0W-20 for Clean Diesel

Viscosity: 0W-20
Designed for OM654, OM656 engines under EURO 6d regulations.
Low SAPS chemistry ensures optimal DPF function and fuel economy.

MB 229.71 – Ultra-Fuel-Efficient 0W-16

Viscosity: 0W-16
Built for M256, M260, M254 turbocharged gasoline engines.
Delivers maximum efficiency for the newest generation of low-emission powertrains.

Specification	Viscosity	Engine Family Applications	Key Features
MB 229.1	5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-40	Older M-Series (M111, M112, OM601–OM606)	Basic oil for older engines; limited drain intervals.
MB 229.3	0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40	M112, M113, OM611–OM648	Extended drain intervals; high-performance gasoline & diesel.
MB 229.31	5W-30, 5W-40	OM642, OM651 (DPF-equipped diesels)	Low SAPS oil to protect emission systems.
MB 229.5	0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40	M156, M276, M278, OM613	High-performance gasoline & diesel (no DPF).
MB 229.51	0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40	OM642, OM651, OM656, M276	Low SAPS; extended drain; protects emissions.
MB 229.52	0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-30	OM654, OM656, M264, M256	Fuel economy; high oxidation stability.
MB 229.6	0W-20	M256, M176, M254	Ultra-low viscosity for fuel efficiency.
MB 229.61	0W-20	OM654, OM656	Low SAPS for modern diesel engines.
MB 229.71	0W-16	M256, M260, M254	Ultra-low viscosity for highest fuel economy.
MB 226.5	5W-30, 10W-40, 15W-40	OM457, OM501 (Commercial Diesel Engines)	Heavy-duty protection under severe conditions.

Why MB Oil Specs Matter

Mercedes-Benz oils are engineered to the exacting standards of each engine family. These specs:

Ensure compatibility with advanced emissions systems
Optimize drain intervals and thermal stability
Protect high-performance and turbocharged engines
Maintain fuel efficiency across vehicle generations

Volvo OEM Oil Specifications: Engineered for Longevity

Volvo has engineered a range of proprietary engine oil standards to deliver precise lubrication tailored to each generation of its engines. These specifications align with evolving engine technology, stricter emissions standards, and performance demands.

Volvo RBS0-2AE (0W-20)

Introduced: ~2014+
Applications: Modern Drive-E four-cylinder gasoline and diesel engines (VEP/VED), including XC40, XC60, XC90, S60/V60, and S90/V90.
Key Features: Ultra-low viscosity for superior fuel efficiency and Euro 6 emissions compliance. Advanced wear protection and extended service capability.

Volvo VCC 95200377 (0W-30 A5/B5)

Introduced: ~2004+
Applications: Gasoline and diesel engines from mid-2000s to ~2015; models include S40/V50, C30/C70, S60/V60, XC60, V70, and pre-2016 XC90.
Key Features: Fuel-efficient synthetic oil with strong high-temp performance. Supports longer oil change intervals.

Volvo VCC 95200356 (5W-30 A5/B5)

Introduced: Late 1990s–early 2000s
Applications: Late 1990s–2010 models including 850, S70/V70, S40/V40 (1st Gen), early XC70, XC90, and S80.
Key Features: Reliable cold starts, oxidation resistance, and balanced efficiency for turbo and non-turbo engines.

Volvo VCC 95200321 (10W-30 A3/B3, A3/B4)

Introduced: Early 1990s–early 2000s
Applications: 1990s models like the 850 series, S70/V70, and early 960/940/740 with gasoline engines.
Key Features: Stable performance across temperature ranges, sludge resistance, ideal for high-mileage engines.

Volvo VCC 95200345 (5W-40 A3/B4)

Introduced: Early 2000s+
Applications: Turbocharged gasoline and diesel engines such as S60R, V70R, T5, and turbo-diesel variants.
Key Features: High thermal stability, excellent high-load protection, and suitable for extended service intervals.

Volvo Legacy Oils (1980–1995)

Viscosities: 15W-40, 10W-40 (mineral or semi-synthetic)
Applications: Older red-block and early white-block engines (B21, B23, B200, B230, inline-six) in 240, 740, 760, 940, 960 series.
Key Features: Basic protection for non-turbo engines under standard driving. Traditional oil change intervals (~5,000–7,500 km).

Model Range / Year	Recommended Spec	Viscosity Grade	Alternatives
Current models (2014+) (XC40, XC60, XC90, S90, V90, S60/V60)	RBS0-2AE	0W-20	VCC 95200377 (0W-30 A5/B5)
Mid-2000s–2014 (C30, S40/V50, S60, XC60, XC70, XC90 1st Gen)	VCC 95200377	0W-30	VCC 95200356 (5W-30 A5/B5)
Late 1990s–2005 (850, S70/V70, S80 1st Gen, early XC70/XC90)	VCC 95200356	5W-30	VCC 95200345 (5W-40 A3/B4)
1990–2000 (740, 940, 960, early 850/S70/V70)	VCC 95200321	10W-30	5W-40 synthetic (heavy usage)
Older Volvos (1980–1995) (240, 740, early 940/960)	Standard Mineral/Semi-synthetic	15W-40, 10W-40	Synthetic for enhanced protection

Why Volvo Oil Specs Matter

Volvo oil specifications are purpose-built to:

Deliver exact protection for turbocharged, direct-injection, and legacy engines
Enhance fuel efficiency and emissions compliance across generations
Enable extended oil change intervals with synthetic technology
Guarantee warranty compliance and long-term engine reliability

Volkswagen Group OEM Oil Specifications: Performance Across Platforms

Volkswagen Group (VW, Audi, Škoda, SEAT, Bentley, Lamborghini) defines proprietary oil standards to ensure peak engine performance, emissions compliance, and long-term reliability. Below is a streamlined guide to all major VW oil specifications from 1980 to today.

VW 501.01 (1980–2000)

Viscosity: 10W-40, 15W-40
Applies to early gasoline engines (EA827, early EA113). Found in Golf Mk1/Mk2, Audi 80/100.
Outdated standard for fixed interval oil changes.

VW 502.00 (1997–Present)

Viscosity: 0W-40, 5W-40, 5W-30
For high-performance gasoline engines (EA113 1.8T, EA888 Gen1/2, VR6, Audi V6/V8).
Used in Golf GTI/R, Audi S/RS models, Lamborghini Gallardo.

VW 503.00 / 503.01 (2000–2005)

Viscosity: 0W-30
For gasoline engines with flexible service intervals.
503.01 specifically for Audi S/RS engines (e.g., RS4 2.7 biturbo).
Replaced by VW 504.00.

VW 504.00 (2005–Present)

Viscosity: 0W-30, 5W-30
Modern gasoline engines with GPF and flexible intervals.
Applies to EA888 Gen3 TSI, EA211, Audi EA837 V6/V8, Lamborghini V8/V10.

VW 505.00 (1980–2005)

Viscosity: 5W-40, 10W-40
Diesel engines without PD injectors.
Used in Golf Mk2/Mk3 TDI, Audi 80/100 diesel.

VW 505.01 (1999–2006)

Viscosity: 5W-40, 5W-30
For PD diesel engines (EA188 PD). Found in Golf Mk4/Mk5, Passat B5.5, Audi A3/A4.

VW 506.00 / 506.01 (2000–2005)

Viscosity: 0W-30
506.00: For non-PD TDI engines with flexible intervals.
506.01: For PD diesel engines with WIV (flex intervals).
Applies to Audi/VW TDI models from early 2000s.

VW 507.00 (2005–Present)

Viscosity: 0W-30, 5W-30
Modern diesel engines with DPF and flexible intervals.
Used in EA189/EA288 CR TDI, Audi V6/V8 TDI, Bentley Bentayga Diesel.

VW 508.00 (2016–Present)

Viscosity: 0W-20
For ultra-efficient gasoline engines like EA211 EVO, EA888 Gen3B EVO.
Found in Golf Mk8 eTSI, Audi mild hybrids, Škoda Octavia IV e-TEC.

VW 509.00 (2016–Present)

Viscosity: 0W-20
Targeted at future diesel engine platforms with ultra-low emissions.
Currently rare; select models only.

Spec	Fuel	Years	Engine Families	Example Vehicles
501.01	Gasoline/Diesel	1980–2000	EA827, EA113 early NA	Golf Mk2, Audi 80
502.00	Gasoline	1997–Present	EA113/EA888 TSI, VR6, Audi V6/V8	Golf GTI/R, Audi A4
503.00	Gasoline	2000–2005	EA113 Turbo, Audi V6	Audi TT, Passat B5
503.01	Gasoline	2000–2005	Audi RS biturbo engines	Audi RS4, RS6
504.00	Gasoline	2005–Present	EA888 Gen3, EA211, Audi V6/V8 turbo	Modern Audi/VW models
505.00	Diesel	1980–2005	Early EA827 diesel, non-PD TDI	Golf Mk3 TDI
505.01	Diesel PD	1999–2006	EA188 PD engines	Golf Mk4 TDI PD
506.00	Diesel (non-PD)	2000–2005	EA188 TDI non-PD	Passat B5 TDI
506.01	Diesel PD	2000–2005	EA188 TDI PD engines	Golf Mk4/Mk5 PD
507.00	Diesel (DPF)	2005–Present	EA189/EA288 CR TDI, Audi V6 TDI	Modern VW/Audi TDI
508.00	Gasoline (ultra-low viscosity)	2016–Present	EA211 EVO, EA888 EVO	Golf Mk8 eTSI, Audi mild hybrid
509.00	Diesel (ultra-low viscosity)	2016–Present	Latest-gen diesel	Select future-oriented VW/Audi

Why VW Oil Specs Matter

Engine Health: Designed for specific wear protection and friction reduction.
Emissions Compliance: Preserves DPF, GPF, and catalytic converters.
Performance Assurance: Tailored to each engine type and driving profile.
Warranty Coverage: Mandatory for maintaining OEM service intervals and protection.

Fiat OEM Oil Specifications (U.S. Market, 1980–Present)

Fiat's U.S.-market engine oil standards are designed to ensure performance, protection, emissions compliance, and fuel efficiency across generations of engines—from classic Lampredi DOHCs to modern turbocharged MultiAir units.

Fiat 9.55535-G1 (1980s–2000s)

Viscosity: 10W-40, 15W-40, 20W-50 (Mineral/Semi-synthetic)
For naturally aspirated gasoline engines in older imports like the Fiat 124 Spider, X1/9, and Brava/Strada. Compatible with Lampredi DOHC and Fiat SOHC engines.
Key Features: Basic oil formulations with moderate protection and standard drain intervals (~5,000 miles).

Fiat 9.55535-H2 / M2 / N2 (2007–Present)

Viscosity: 5W-40 (Full Synthetic)
Required for modern turbocharged and naturally aspirated MultiAir engines. Found in Fiat 500 (2012–2019), 500L, 500X, and 124 Spider.
Key Features: High-temp durability and deposit control tailored for MultiAir valve systems. Critical for maintaining warranty compliance.

Fiat 9.55535-S1 / S2 (2007–Present)

Viscosity: 0W-30, 5W-30 (Full Synthetic)
Targeted at fuel-efficient non-turbo MultiAir engines in Fiat 500 and select 500X trims.
Key Features: Low-viscosity oils to enhance fuel economy, especially in colder climates, without compromising protection.

Fiat 9.55535-DS1 (2014–Present)

Viscosity: 5W-30 (Low SAPS Full Synthetic)
Applies to diesel engines with DPFs, such as the FCA 2.0L Multijet II. Rare in the U.S., with limited applications in Jeep Cherokee and Fiat 500L diesel variants.
Key Features: Emissions system protection and extended service intervals via low-SAPS chemistry.

Specification	Fuel	Years	Viscosity	Engine Families	Typical U.S. Fiat Models
Fiat 9.55535-G1	Gasoline	~1980–2000s	10W-40, 15W-40, 20W-50	Lampredi DOHC, SOHC (1.8L, 2.0L)	Fiat 124 Spider, X1/9
Fiat 9.55535-H2/M2/N2	Gasoline	2007–Present	5W-40	FIRE MultiAir Turbo (1.4L), FIRE NA	Fiat 500 Abarth, 500L, 500X, 124 Spider
Fiat 9.55535-S1/S2	Gasoline	2007–Present	0W-30, 5W-30	FIRE MultiAir NA (non-turbo)	Fiat 500 (Pop/Lounge/Sport), select 500X
Fiat 9.55535-DS1	Diesel	2014–Present	5W-30	FCA 2.0L Multijet II diesel (rare)	Very limited availability in U.S. market

Why Fiat Oil Specs Matter

Engine Protection: Designed for the unique demands of MultiAir technology and turbocharging.
Emissions Compliance: Low-SAPS and low-viscosity options reduce emissions and support regulatory standards.
Performance & Efficiency: Enhanced cold-start performance and improved MPG.
Warranty Coverage: OEM oil specs are mandatory for maintaining factory coverage.

U.S.-Market Owner Notes

Most modern Fiat models (500, 500X, 500L, 124 Spider) require Fiat 9.55535-H2/M2/N2 (5W-40 full synthetic).
Older imports (1979–1990s) typically used G1-spec mineral/semi-synthetic oils (10W-40 to 20W-50).
DS1 diesel spec is almost nonexistent in U.S. passenger car applications.
Always verify your vehicle's manual for the correct oil specification and viscosity.

Conclusion

Choosing the right engine oil isn't just about picking a popular brand or grabbing whatever’s on sale—it's about understanding the specific needs of your engine and matching them to the correct oil specifications. Whether you're driving a modern turbocharged car with a Gasoline Particulate Filter, a high-performance European diesel, or a daily driver from a U.S. automaker, oil specs matter.

Throughout this article, we've explored the major specification systems that guide your oil choice: API, ILSAC, and SAE standards form the global foundation, while OEM specs from manufacturers like BMW, GM (dexos), VW, Mercedes-Benz, Ford, Porsche, and Volvo fine-tune oil performance for specific engines. These specs affect everything from fuel economy and emissions to engine longevity and warranty coverage.

Still wondering what kind of oil does my car take? The answer lies in a mix of your vehicle's age, engine type, driving style, and manufacturer requirements. If your owner’s manual calls for a specific spec like dexos1 Gen 3, ACEA C5, or MB 229.52, don’t settle for anything less.

Top U.S. motor oil brands—Mobil 1, Valvoline, Castrol, Pennzoil, and others—offer full product lines that meet or exceed these standards. Pair the right spec with a trusted brand, and you’ll not only protect your engine, but also maximize performance, reduce emissions, and extend service intervals.

In short: don’t guess—specify. When it comes to motor oil, informed choices keep your engine running stronger, longer.